Various types of waves and tides in the atmosphere influence the stratosphere. Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. Planting trees is one of the efforts that people have done to try to minimize damage and to help rebuild the damaged ozone layer. As the altitude increases, the atmosphere diminishes which is the reason why the air pressure in the exosphere is shallow. One wild characteristic of the stratosphere is a phenomenon that occurs, which is known as blue jets. The exosphere is really, really big. Unlike the stratosphere, temperatures once again grow colder as you rise up through the mesosphere. 2011 UCAR with portions adapted from Windows to the Universe ( 2009 NESTA). Ozone is a blue pungent-smelling gas that helps to absorb the ultraviolet radiation in the sun rays. They are much similar to warm breath during cold weather. The ozone layer absorbs the majority of these rays, shielding life from harmful radiation. Air density in this layer gradually decreases as you go higher. What Is the Greenhouse Effect? Be grateful! Composed of mostly nitrogen and oxygen, the stratosphere also contains the ozone layer. In this region, the temperature increases with height. The ozone layer, which absorbs and scatters the . If you are interested in the complete structure and make-up of the atmosphere,this articlecovers all five atmospheric layers and their relation to each other in more detail. 3. The ozone layer helps protect us from ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. Without the stratosphere, life on Earth would be very different or non-existent, as the shielding of the sun's radiation is important for known Earth life. 7. 15. Skin cancer frequency is increasing due to the thinning of the ozone layer. PSCs appear in the lower stratosphere near the poles in winter. If you were to climb a mountain in the stratosphere you would have to take off your warm clothes as you got closer to the top rather than putting them on like we usually do. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The main gases are nitrogen and oxygen, which make up 99% of the atmosphere. But there are no mountains high enough to reach the stratosphere, so you dont have to worry about that. Atmosphere Atmosphere and Its Layers The ozone layer helps protect us from ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun. At the top of the stratosphere, the density of the air is close to zero. 34. Ice clouds form in this layer which is visible when lighted from beneath during sunset. Layers of the atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere . The stratosphere is situated just above the troposphere, with a thin layer of air called the tropopause separating the two layers. These are generated when cold atmospheric air blends with the hot, humid exhaust. It contains 80% of the atmospheric weight, making it the densest layer. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops in severe supercell thunderstorms, may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. While the troposphere is filled with a vast assortment of clouds thanks to a gas we know as water vapor, the stratosphere is a vast, clear blue sky. Because of this temperature stratification, there is little convection and mixing in the stratosphere, so the layers of air there are quite stable. However, this feature allows commercial airliners to fly in the lower stratosphere while traveling faster and save fuel. Stratosphere. As harmful UV rays from the sun become absorbed in the ozone layer, this layer heats up. The destruction of the ozone layer lets an enormous amount of ultraviolet rays reach the earth, which leads to skin cancer and cataracts in humans and animals alike. [12] Eustace also broke the world records for vertical speed skydiving, reached with a peak velocity of 1,321km/h (822mph) and total freefall distance of 123,414ft (37,617m) lasting four minutes and 27 seconds.[13]. It helps in propagation of the radio waves used in telecommunication. The word 'stratosphere' is derived from the word 'strato' meaning layer, and 'sphere' which is earth's shape. The water ice appears younger than we would expect. The atmosphere is one of four spheres of the earth, which include the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. This is also where you'll find low Earth orbit satellites. It is called stratosphere because it is stratified in temperature, with warmer layers higher up and cooler layers farther down. The stratosphere also has an increasing temperature with increasing altitude, which is different than what happens in the troposphere. Troposphere. Mercury has water ice and organics. Sydney Chapman gave a correct description of the source of stratospheric ozone and its ability to generate heat within the stratosphere;[citation needed] he also wrote that ozone may be destroyed by reacting with atomic oxygen, making two molecules of molecular oxygen. The stratosphere is very dry air and contains little water vapor. As a result, air circulation is not as prevalent in this layer of the atmosphere, making it difficult for some gasses to escape. Almost all weather is in this region. It reaches up to the mesosphere, with another thin layer of air called the stratopause separating them. Autumn Skies Online Pty Ltd also participates in affiliate programs with Clickbank, CJ, ShareASale, and other sites. OH is formed by the reaction of electrically excited oxygen atoms produced by ozone photolysis, with water vapor. The stratosphere also contains the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation as it enters our atmosphere from the sun. Brewer-Dobson Circulation occurs in the stratosphere. The waves and tides influence the flows of air in the stratosphere and can also cause regional heating of this layer of the atmosphere. We humans live in the troposphere, and nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer. 23. Despite Mercury's weak magnetic field, it behaves similarly to Earth's. Within no time, the vapor from the exhaust freezes and turns visible. The ozone layer is situated within this layer. Stratosphere - The Stratosphere makes up around 25% of the total of Earth's atmosphere, and is home to more than 90% of our Earth's O-Zone layer. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. - Facts, Layers & Population, The Changing Earth: Volcanoes, Weathering & Deposition, The Four Spheres of Earth: Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, and Atmosphere, Interactions of Earth's Spheres: Purpose and Examples, Ionosphere: Definition, Facts, Temperature & Layers, Understanding Plate Tectonics: Tutoring Solution, Understanding Earthquakes: Tutoring Solution, Understanding Volcanoes: Tutoring Solution, Rock Deformation & Mountain Building: Tutoring Solution, Shaping the Earth's Surface: Tutoring Solution, Energy in the Earth System: Tutoring Solution, Earth's Energy Resources: Tutoring Solution, Earth's Material Resources: Tutoring Solution, Earth Science Investigation & Experimentation: Tutoring Solution, Environmental Science 101: Environment and Humanity, UExcel Pathophysiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Stratosphere Lesson for Kids: Definition & Facts, What is Alginic Acid? The top of the stratosphere is called the stratopause, above which the temperature decreases with height. Also, magnetic and south poles reverse at uneven intervals of hundreds of thousands of years. Stratopause is the connection between the mesosphere and stratosphere. Certain bird species like the common crane, whooper swan, and the Rppel's griffon vulture are capable of flying in the lower stratosphere. She has taught in K-12 for more than 15 years, and higher education for ten years. The stratosphere starts just above the troposphere and extends to 50 kilometers (31 miles) high. The stratospheric air is extremely thin and dry since the vast majority of atmospheric gases (and weather activity) are limited to the troposphere. The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. 6. The stratosphere ( / strtsfr, - to -/) is the second layer of the atmosphere of the Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. The troposphere, the lowest layer, is right below the stratosphere. Ozone layer (highest concentration of ozone in the atmosphere) The ozone layer is a thin layer of the stratosphere made of a gas called ozone. Earth's atmosphere is a jacket of gases that surrounds our planet. "Strat" means layer. Most airplanes or jets travel in the lower part of the stratosphere. It is the only atmospheric layer where temperature inversion occurs and the region where the ozone layer is situated. That means that to get to outer space, you have to be really far from Earth. Unlike the troposphere, it contains little water vapor so there are no clouds in this layer of the atmosphere. Stated another way, it allows the airliner to fly faster while maintaining lift equal to the weight of the plane. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2','ezslot_3',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2','ezslot_4',116,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2-0_1');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2','ezslot_5',116,'0','2'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2-0_2');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2','ezslot_6',116,'0','3'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ownyourweather_com-large-billboard-2-0_3'); .large-billboard-2-multi-116{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:3px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:3px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}Recent Posts, Copyright 2023 by Own Your Weather. The chlorine atoms are recycled when ClO reacts with O in the upper stratosphere, or when ClO reacts with itself in the chemistry of the Antarctic ozone hole. Many satellites actually orbit Earth within the thermosphere! Its depth also varies from 5.5 to 20 miles depending on latitude as well. It is important because it contains the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from harmful UV rays. There are a few other atmospheric layers as well -- you can take a look at a diagram of these below. This was based on temperature profiles from mostly unmanned and a few manned instrumented balloons. 5. Troposphere is the thinnest and closest layer to the earths surface. In fact, the ozone layer absorbs most of the UV radiation the sun sends to us. Geomagnetic solar storms caused by solar flares or solar winds can disrupt activities in the ionosphere, causing difficulty in transmitting radio signals and global positioning system signals. Meteorological phenomena are limited to the troposphere since they result from the earths rotation and suns radiation on the atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere is similar to a jacket for our planet. The resultant breaking causes large-scale mixing of air and other trace gases throughout the midlatitude surf zone. The mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere (above the troposphere and stratosphere.) . I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are the exception. Because of this, few clouds are found in this layer and almost all clouds occur in the lower, more humid troposphere. If you look up at the sky, either on a clear day or a starry night, it probably wouldn't occur to you that you are looking through layers. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. It is made up of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. For this reason, humans would not be able to survive at this altitude without being inside of a plane, rocket, or some type of enclosed environment where air density can be regulated. The stratosphere can be as deep 20 miles or as shallow as 5.5 miles. Of all the atmospheric layers, this is the most closest to the Earth. It comprises the magnetosphere and ionosphere. One of the most surprising things about the stratosphere is not its characteristics but about what you find in this layer. On November 29, 1973, a Rppell's vulture (Gyps rueppelli) was ingested into a jet engine 11,278m (37,000ft) above the Ivory Coast. They shoot upwards through the stratosphere in a blue column to altitudes as high as 50km! Just above that is the stratosphere, the area of the atmosphere where passenger airplanes and weather balloons fly. The stratosphere is where youll find the very important ozone layer. It extends upward to a height of about 85 km (53 miles) above our planet. . This includes the troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere, and stratosphere. This part of the atmosphere is the most dense. This layer of Earth's atmosphere is about 319 miles (513 kilometers) thick. However, just above that is an equally important layer called the stratosphere. 33. Some researchers and even students have sent helium balloons with cameras to record the stratosphere. There is no clear-cut upper boundary where the exosphere finally fades away into space. The stratosphere is a very interesting layer in Earth's atmosphere, as there are many fun stratosphere facts outside of its primary characteristics that make it unique. This layer separates the rest of the atmosphere from outer space. The bottom of the stratosphere is around 10 km (6.2 miles or about 33,000 feet) above the ground at middle latitudes. The thermosphere extends from about 90 km to 500 kmand 1,000 km above our planet. Stratosphere is the second layer. This layer of our atmosphere has its own set of layers. Most clouds appear here, mainly because 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. The composition of the atmosphere of each celestial body is different. The rides, which are called The Big Shot, Insanity and X-Scream, are equally terrifying and exciting. The mesosphere is directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. A good percentage of the earths population breathes contaminated air, primarily sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide emitted by industrial factories. Cred: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio 3. Learn about the stratosphere, including the stratosphere's definition and importance. stratosphere The atmospheric layer above the troposphere, which extends on average from about 10 to 50 km above the Earth's surface. It keeps us warm, it gives us oxygen to breathe, and its where our weather happens. It is the second layer of the atmosphere as you go upward. It occurs naturally in small (trace) amounts in the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). The lower boundary of the stratosphere is called the tropopause; the upper boundary is called the stratopause. The atmospheric balance is jeopardized by human activities that cause global warming, greenhouse effect, ozone belt destruction, air contamination, and acid rains. It is the only atmospheric layer where temperature inversion occurs and the region where the ozone layer is situated. She currently works as a physicist assistant at a cancer treatment center. This UV radiation is important for the production of vitamin D in humans, but too much can destroy tissue. Atmosphere facts: ninety-nine percent of the gases that compose the atmosphere are located below a height of 32 km (20 miles). The stratosphere extends from from 4 -12 miles (6-20 km) above the Earth's surface to around 31 miles (50 km). The atmosphere consists of five distinct layers, with the stratosphere being the second, situated just above the troposphere. This site is owned and operated by Autumn Skies Online Pty Ltd, a limited liability company headquartered in Somerset West, South Africa. The exosphere gradually fades away into the realm of interplanetary space. The atmosphere has nearly 37.5 million billion gallons of water at any given time. The overall circulation of the stratosphere is termed as Brewer-Dobson circulation, which is a single-celled circulation, spanning from the tropics up to the poles, consisting of the tropical upwelling of air from the tropical troposphere and the extra-tropical downwelling of air. The stratosphere protects Earth life from extremely harmful UV rays from the sun. It is the highest layer. stratosphere, layer of Earth's atmosphere lying between the troposphere and the mesosphere. The height of the bottom of the stratosphere varies with latitude and with the seasons. Strat means layer. As a meteor begins to enter this layer, it rapidly bumps into mesosphere particles and scrapes against them. Strat means layer. At an altitude of 100 km above sea level, a border represents the separation between the atmosphere and outer space. The stratosphere is a major stable layer whose base is marked by the tropopause, and where temperatures overall average approximately 60 C.Temperature in the lower stratosphere is isothermal but increases markedly in the upper part, to reach a maximum of . Create your account. It borders the troposphere below through a thin transitional space called the tropopause. 25. Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. However, as you enter the stratosphere, the ozone gas absorbs the ultraviolet light entering the atmosphere from the sun. As the ozone layer absorbs UV radiation, it causes the temperature in this layer to increase. Damage to the ozone layer of the stratosphere occurs naturally when volcanic gases and dust reach the stratosphere, but people have been contributing to this as well with the use of aerosol's containing CFCs. In fact, the air in the exosphere is constantly - though very gradually - "leaking" out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space. The stratosphere accounts for approximately 24% of the earth's total atmosphere. The electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions, giving the ionosphere its name and endowing this region with some special properties. There are five layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Its magnetic field goes up to 60,000 km into space. [6] Winds in the stratosphere can far exceed those in the troposphere, reaching near 60m/s (220km/h; 130mph) in the Southern polar vortex. The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -90 C (-130 F), are found near the top of this layer. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees, to the dark environments of ocean trenches, to lush rain forests, high mountaintops, and transition zones like this one, where ocean and terrestrial ecosystems meet. The stratosphere is the second layer of the Earth's atmosphere, and lies approximately 10km to 50km above the Earth's surface. Bacterial life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the biosphere. Ozone layer lies about 19-32 km over the earths surface. It also allows the airplane to stay above the turbulent weather of the troposphere. [7] Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the UV-C region, at wavelengths shorter than about 240nm. Although on average the stratosphere begins at about 7 miles up from the earth's surface, it can range from 5 miles at the earth's poles, to 6-8 miles at moderate latitudes, to 11 miles at the equator. Facts About The Exosphere: The Outermost Layer Of The Atmosphere. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Air is roughly a thousand times thinner at the top of the stratosphere than it is at sea level. Convection is when gasses cool down as they rise, allowing them to condense onto air particles and form clouds. We live in one layer, called the troposphere, where the clouds and most of the water vapor reside. It is like a giant magnet and retains high-energy particles, thereby protecting the earth. The wind, which is the air current, is generated when the hot air rises and gets replaced by colder air. The stratosphere is the second layer in the Earth's atmosphere. [21] Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) sometimes migrate over Mount Everest, whose summit is 8,848m (29,029ft). The holes in the ozone layer have been recorded above the Antarctica seasonally, as well as in other parts of the world. Along with the neutral upper atmosphere, the ionosphere forms the boundary between Earth's lower atmosphere where we live and breathe and the vacuum of space. The lack of particles in the air causes less friction to hold an aircraft back, which requires less power to travel faster and further. Acidic rains destroy plants and animals, and if it reaches rivers and lakes, it destroys all the aquatic life. They have been observed by airline pilots and the international space station. The exosphere is the very edge of our atmosphere. In fact, the ozone layer absorbs most of the UV radiation the sun sends to us. It extends from about 50 to 85 km (31 to 53 miles) above our planet. 14. It is seen in high latitude areas as shimmering curtains of lights that are visible at night. Luckily the situation has improved since the ban of chlorofluorocarbon. It borders the mesosphere above through a thin transitional space called the stratopause. This layer is 22 miles (35 kilometers) thick. These free-moving elements continuously escape into space due to ballistic trajectories. As altitude increases, air density in the layers of the atmosphere decrease. Ozone is important for ensuring that just the right amount of ultraviolet radiation reaches the earth. The next higher layer above the stratosphere is the mesosphere. In the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) near the Earth's surface, ozone is created by chemical reactions between air pollutants . The stratosphere is located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. A Division ofAutumn Skies Online (Pty) Ltd Disclaimer Because of this, jet aircraft and weather balloons reach their maximum operational altitudes within the stratosphere. Earth's atmosphere has six layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, the ionosphere, and the exosphere. [5] Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the seasons change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the polar night (winter). These elements react with toxic gases, salt, smoke, and volcanic ash. Thislayerseparates the rest of the atmosphere from outer space. The stratosphere is a layer of extremely stratified air that rises 40 kilometres above the tropopause and comprises about 20% of the atmosphere's mass. The amount of water vapour in the stratosphere is very low, and because of this there are no clouds in the stratosphere. Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem because it increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV . Earths atmosphere has six layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, the ionosphere, and the exosphere. This is how certain gases become trapped in the stratosphere, like CFC's and ozone. 3090 Center Green Drive, Boulder, CO 80301, Air pressure drops, and temperatures get colder, as you climb higher in the troposphere, ACOM | Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling, CISL | Computational & Information Systems, EdEC | Education, Engagement & Early-Career Development, Government Relations & External Engagement. Temperature increases with height until the estimated top of the thermosphere at 500 km. 11. Create an account to start this course today. Above the stratosphere lies the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. However, the air in this layer is so thin that it would feel freezing cold to us! What are the characteristics of the five layers of the atmosphere? Stratospheric circulation is a predominantly wave-driven circulation in that the tropical upwelling is induced by the wave force by the westward propagating Rossby waves, in a phenomenon called Rossby-wave pumping. Since blue light has short wavelengths, it gets reflected more compared to other colors. Certain birds will even fly in the stratosphere, including swans, cranes, and vultures! 4. As mentioned in the introduction, certain birds such as cranes, swans, and vultures can fly at this altitude. The temperatures in the ozone belt are higher than in the troposphere since the ozone absorbs the ultraviolet rays. As previously mentioned, the stratosphere is one of the five layers that make up the Earth's atmosphere. For years, CFCs - a chemical used in aerosols - were transported the stratosphere via convection and became trapped there. 110 lessons. 2 It extends from a height of approximately 65 km (40 miles) to 85 km (53 miles) above the Earth's surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratosphere&oldid=1140010063, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 00:23. [18] When the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high-pressure air masses contained in the Arctic; when the vortex weakens, air masses move equatorward, and results in rapid changes of weather in the mid latitudes. Last edited on 18 February 2023, at 00:23, "Atmospheric Temperature Trends, 19792005", "NWS JetStream - Layers of the Atmosphere", "The Stratosphere - overview | UCAR Center for Science Education", "Parachutist's Record Fall: Over 25 Miles in 15 Minutes (Published 2014)", "Google's Alan Eustace beats Baumgartner's skydiving record", Quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone in a coupled chemistry-climate model, Breaking planetary waves in the stratosphere, Stratospheric Harbingers of Anomalous Weather Regimes, A stratospheric influence on the winter NAO and North Atlantic surface climate, "How Sudden Stratospheric Warming Affects the Whole Atmosphere", "Collision between a Vulture and an Aircraft at an Altitude of 37,000 Feet". The air in the mesosphere is far too thin to breathe (the air pressure at the bottom of the layer is well below 1% of the pressure at sea level and continues dropping as you go higher). UCAR/Randy Russell Although the sun and other planets have magnetospheres, the earths magnetosphere is the strongest one of all the rocky planets. Temperatures rise as one moves upward through the stratosphere. Dr. Rachel Tustin has a PhD in Education focusing on Educational Technology, a Masters in English, and a BS in Marine Science. The HO2 radical produced by the reaction of OH with O3 is recycled to OH by reaction with oxygen atoms or ozone. Such is the case for ozone-destroying chemicals called CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). That's the opposite of how the . The mesosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. Moving upward from ground level, these layers are called the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere. 77 Amazing, Interesting, and Exciting Facts about the Atmosphere Composition of the Earth's atmosphere. It has different layers with different qualities. Radicals produced from the homolytically split oxygen molecules combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Most turbulence at this altitude is caused by variations in the jet stream and other local wind shears, although areas of significant convective activity (thunderstorms) in the troposphere below may produce turbulence as a result of convective overshoot. 3090 Center Green Drive, Boulder, CO 80301, Virtual Ballooning to Explore the Atmosphere, ACOM | Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling, CISL | Computational & Information Systems, EdEC | Education, Engagement & Early-Career Development, Government Relations & External Engagement. Other gases that make up the remaining 0.1 percent include trace amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, and neon. This is the opposite of what happens in the troposphere, the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth. Moreover, it regulates the temperature extremes that are likely to occur between day and night. The Concorde aircraft cruised at Mach 2 at about 60,000ft (18km), and the SR-71 cruised at Mach 3 at 85,000ft (26km), all within the stratosphere. Each year, this large amount of water is recycled about 40 times. This diagram shows some of the features of the stratosphere. The stratosphere is one of the 5 layers of the atmosphere, situated above the troposphere and below the mesosphere at an altitude of 10 km (6 miles), extending to 50 km (30 miles). Discover fun facts about the stratosphere and stratosphere characteristics. A two-step reactive mechanism produces ozone in the stratosphere naturally. Aurora is also referred to as polar light. 2023 TheFactFile.Org. It contains most of our Earth's water vapour, and is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500 C (932 F) to 2,000 C (3,632 F) or higher. 31. Exosphere widely contains particles of helium and hydrogen. Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work describing the formation and decomposition of stratospheric ozone.[9]. It changes sometimes unpredictably She earned her bachelor's in Physics and Astronomy from the University of North Carolina at Asheville. N.Butchart, A.A. Scaife, J. Austin, S.H.E. Convection is the process whereby warm air rises and cooler air descends. Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas whose molecules are comprised of three oxygen atoms. It has a very important job: to protect us from harmful energy from the Sun, called radiation. The stratosphere ends where it transitions to the mesosphere, around 50 kilometers above the earth. The particles in the exosphere do not behave like gases. Ozone is a chemical compound consisting of three oxygen atoms. This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex. 16. It means temperatures rise as altitude increases in this region, unlike the other four layers, which are characterized by a drop in temperature as altitude increases.
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