Brain Res. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. J Sleep Res. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. 2013;32:27380. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. J Environ Health Sci Eng. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Xu et al. 2006;27:16471. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. 2004;48:46624. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2000;284:30017. In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. Arch Environ Health. Electromagn Biol Med. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. radiations. Front Neurosci. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. 2003;41:26887. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Behav Brain Res. 2012;31:25074. Part of Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Int J Radiat Biol. Article Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Military Medical Research Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;11:4135. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Biomed Environ Sci. Kwon et al. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The conclusions are shown in Table3. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. JAMA. Verma et al. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. J Radiat Proc. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Trends Neurosci. eliminating microwave and RF sources. Neurol Sci. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Bioelectromagnetics. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. 2010;2010. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. 1997;44:99104. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. 2011;343:5224. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2005;130:591600. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. 2013;34:26474. Gene. Radiat Res. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Cassel et al. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Neuroreport. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Int J Radiat Biol. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. 1984;4:285665. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. 2007;27:6024. Privacy In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. J Clin Oncol. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. 1999;75:44756. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Dasdag et al. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. 2003;80:177. Google Scholar. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. PubMed 2009;27:556572. Mortazavi et al. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Sci STKE. Chin J Indus Hyg. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. 1996;180:917. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Suhhova et al. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). Lai et al. 2009;64:2314. Int J Epidemiol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Vorobyov et al. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. 2015;91:30611. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Wang et al. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Sanders AP, Joines WT. Zhang et al. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Xu et al. Ning et al. 2017;38:106976. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. PubMed Behav Brain Res. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Joubert et al. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res. Exp Neurobiol. PubMed Int J Radiat Biol. 2011;174:211. 2006;98:170713. 2015;56:2618. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. 1996;93:46938. 2006;12:44651. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. . Neurotoxicology. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Neurosci Lett. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? PubMed The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Megha et al. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. J Neuro-Oncol. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. California Privacy Statement, Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Finally, Hardell et al. 1975;148:1723. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 1990;39:13543. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. CAS But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Mil Med Sci. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. 2003;80:194210. PubMed Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. CAS Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Annu Rev Physiol. J Pharm Sci. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Smythe JW, Costall B. Chin J Birth Health Hered. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: 2005;1042:1018. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets.
Tatu Baby Dave Navarro Relationship,
Le Mans 1955 Death Pictures,
Fdny Staff Chiefs 2020,
Articles E
Session expired
rock and roll hall of fame 2022 date The login page will open in a new tab. After logging in you can close it and return to this page.
