list of boiler explosions

They are liable to fail through fatigue (because the inner and outer walls expand at different rates under the heat of the fire), from corrosion, or from wasting as the heads of the stays exposed to the fire are burned away. These locomotives were well known for their work North of Leeds, over the demanding Settle and Carlisle route. "The records kept by the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company show that 170 steam boilers exploded in the United States last year, killing 259 persons and injuring 555. Required fields are marked *. The massive destruction caused is an example of what. The result is devastating damage to anything in the vicinity. Also improving safety is the increasing use of "package boilers." Modern boilers are designed with redundant pumps, valves, water level monitors, fuel cutoffs, automated controls, and pressure relief valves. Normally, there are two types of boiler explosions: a furnace's fuel or air explosion and the failure of the pressure of the steam and watersides. This was the cause of the Gettysburg Railroad firebox explosion[9] near Gardners, Pennsylvania, in 1995, where low water allowed the front of the crown sheet to overheat until the regular crown stays pulled through the sheet, releasing a great deal of steam and water under full boiler pressure into the firebox. They decide not to follow the. Then, when water struck the plate, it instantly turned to steam over pressurizing the boiler and resulting in an explosion. Boiler plates have been thrown up to a quarter of a mile (Hewison, Rolt). September 29, 2015. -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. -Ford's River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, Gas Boiler explosion, 6 killed 2/1/1999. Monthly Boiler Room Checklist. [25] 2010 February 7,2010 Connecticut power plant explosion. Other common causes of boiler explosions include: Faulty pressure relief valves Low water levels Boilerplate corrosion Boiler Explosions can be Catastrophic When a boiler explodes, this can result in devastating consequences for property and any person in the vicinity of the incident. The NBIC, ASME, and others attempt to ensure safe boiler designs by publishing detailed standards. In particular, grooves could occur along horizontal seams (lap joints) below water level. RFPBT5EM - This illustration dates to the 1870s and shows an explosion of a boiler, which, considering the time period and the numer of engines in constant use, a very rare occurence. This theory hypothesized that low water allowed a boiler plate to be exposed to the fire, overheat and turn red hot. The rarefaction wave moves within the vessel and the resulting compression wave violently forces the liquid particles out through the vessel breach. Thats like taking the volume of an 5-gallon bathroom trash can and causing it to fill a 12- by 11-foot living room with an 8-foot ceiling in a split second. [13] Since standard pressure saturated water has a specific enthalpy of just 418.91kJ/kg (190.01kJ/lb),[14] the difference between the two specific enthalpies, 544.8kJ/kg (247.1kJ/lb), is the total energy expended in the explosion. Frontline Worker Pay website|Payment FAQs, program report, tax return information. The primary reason for them is a faulty pressure relief valve. The number one way to prevent a boiler explosion is to ensure that the boiler is regularly inspected and maintained by trained individuals. Because the double-thickness overlap was stronger than the surrounding metal, the repeated bending and release caused by the variations in boiler pressure caused internal cracks, or grooves (deep pitting), along the length of the joint. A vessel without power is known as a dead ship. While investing in steam boilers, plant managers ensure that the boiler promises efficiency, reliability, optimal combustion, and steam quality. A common form of minor firebox "explosion" is known as "drumming" and can occur with any type of fuel. The SL-1 nuclear reactor accident is an example of a superheated burst of steam. Of the 13 firebox collapses, four were due to broken stays, one to scale buildup on the firebox, and the rest were due to low water level. Inspections were rare, and operating guidelines almost nonexistent. A chemical cleaning expert dies from a boiler explosion after chemical cleaning on an LNG tanker. 3. Chemical Explosion Catalysts. There are two primary reasons that commonly cause boiler explosions. These typically have better quality and fewer issues than boilers which are site assembled tube-by-tube. The St. Louis Fire Department confirmed the three people had died after a boiler explosion in St. Louis, April 3, 2017. This occurs if the fireman has failed to maintain water level or the level indicator (gauge glass) is faulty. Insufficient ventilation of flammable gases from the steam drum and introduction of hot halogen lamp resulted in a fatal explosion. GET IN TOUCH They were Patrick Stirlings third 0-6-0 design for the railway. There are four major categories of catastrophic failure which exists in the boiler itself. These individuals will ensure that the boiler and all boiler . Operating personnel neglecting the proper guidelines and regular maintenance cause the risk of boiler explosion. 2015 All rights reserved. The rapidly expanding steam bubbles can also perform work by throwing large "slugs" of water inside the boiler in the direction of the opening, and at astonishing velocities. Fortunately, such disasters are rare, considering the huge number of boilers and pressure vessels in use worldwide. However, its locomotive inheritance was much greater than just the 'A4 Class', it also produced highly successful mixed-traffic and freight designs. Email: enquiry@rakhoh.com, RAKHOH BOILERS When the heat delivery is sufficiently rapid, a localized superheating can occur, resulting in a water hammer destroying the vessel. (14.7 at sea level) With pressure of 200 lbs in boiler, water boils at 388 degrees. As a result, the temperature in the tank will rise. Steam Boiler Safety: Reckless management is the main cause of accidents. Another involved sabotage by Fenians - Irish Republicans - an idea not as bizarre as it might sound since a successful mission had been mounted five years previously to rescue six Fenian prisoners from a penal colony in Western Australia. In addition, the construction must adhere to strict engineering guidelines set by the relevant authorities. Specification of Rupture Disk Burst Pressure, Steam Traps Affect Boiler Plant Efficiency, Steps to Safety: Guide for Restarting Boilers After Summer Lay-Up, Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steel in Liquefied Ammonia Service - A Recapitulation, System Design, Specifications, Operation, and Inspection of Deaerators, Temperature And Pressure Relief Valves Often Overlooked, Temperature Considerations for Pressure Relief Valve Application, The Authorized Inspector's Responsibility for Dimensional Inspection, The Effects of Erosion-Corrosion on Power Plant Piping. Such failures are caused by corrosion of vital parts, failure of safety valves, or low water levels. It is a result of the boiler operating on very low water conditions. (Includes Discussion), https://archive.org/details/lloydssteamboatd00lloy, Report of the Special Committee: Catastrophe In Hague Street, The Fireman's Own Book, Chapter: Explosion and Fire in Hague Street, The Annual Register, Entry for July 15, 1854: Terrific Boiler Explosion At Rochdale, The Annual Register, Entry for June 9, 1869, This Southern Steamboat Had A Tragic Ending, La Horrorosa Catstrofe de Medina (The terrible disaster of Medina), Ministry of Culture of Spain historic newspaper server, Railroad Recollections: More About Engine 1642 Explosion, BOILERBLAST SUIT ASKS $8.2 MILLION; 10 Sue in '62 Phone Building Explosion Fatal to 23, Steam Locomotive Firebox Explosion on the Gettysburg Railroad Near Gardners, Pennsylvania June 16, 1995, http://www.nlsme.co.uk/Articles/Boiler_Explosion.pdf, Steam Engine Blast At Ohio Fairgrounds Leaves 4 Men Dead, The Final Report on the Tragedy at the Medina County Fairgrounds - Steam Engines - Steam Traction, 4th victim who died from boiler blast near Soulard remembered as hard worker; funds set up for families, 2 new employees filling out paperwork among dead in St. Louis boiler explosion, Useful Information For Engineers, Lecture III "On Boiler Explosions: The remedies applicable for the prevention of accidents arising from explosions" and Appendix IV "Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions", Proceedings of the Council of the Governor of Bombay, Fire Insurance, Chapter XIX. 2.8M views 11 years ago This video shows an actual explosion of a conventional boiler that was caused by low water level in the boiler. -Givaudan Corporation, Delawanna Avenue, Clifton, New Jersey: Portable Fire Tube Boiler Explosion (1990s). That incident resulted in 58 deaths and 117 injuries and completely leveled the factory. "[3], "Cause.-Boiler explosions are always due to the fact that some part of the boiler is, for some reason, too weak to withstand the pressure to which it is subjected. 3 killed in boiler explosion caught on camera Part of an industrial boiler launched into the air inside a St. Louis plant, leaving three people dead and several others seriously injured, according . In addition to the previously mentioned items, you can help improve boiler room safety by conducting the following monthly tests and checks: Inspect the air flow interlocks and fan. We manufacture a range of world-class quality products such as steam boilers, waste heat recovery boilers, thermic fluid heaters, and boiler accessories. Grooving (deep, localized pitting) also occurs near the waterline, particularly in boilers that are fed with water that has not been de-aerated or treated with oxygen scavenging agents. box manufacturer ultimately resulted in three deaths in April, 2017. BOILER ACCESSORIES, THERMIC FLUID HEATERS & SPECIALTY FABRICATION. To understand it better, the pressure change in the steam boiler operating at 100 PSIG can expand the water 1500 times than its original volume. 224 had three claims to fame: it was the first inside-cylinder 4-4-0 engine to run in Great Britain; it was the locomotive involved in the Tay Bridge disaster; and after rebuilding in 1885, it was the only compound-expansion locomotive on the NBR, and one of just three tandem compounds in Britain. This article contains a list of steam boiler explosions such as railway locomotive, marine transport (military and civilian), and stationary power. However, the explosive potential is ever present and very real, especially if regular maintenance and repair are ignored. The stationary steam engines used to power machinery first came to prominence during the industrial revolution, and in the early days there were many boiler explosions from a variety of causes. In Manchester, the "Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions, and for effecting Economy in the Raising and Use of Steam" is formed and, eschewing direct regulation, advocates creation of trained inspectors. The Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) 58 class is a class of six 0-6-0 steam locomotives designed in 1862. Throughout the 20th century, two boiler barrel failures and thirteen firebox collapses occurred in the UK. Corrosion along the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions. Because the dangerous potential of boilers is a situation that can be controlled, the National Board has an opportunity to extend its leadership role in the arena of safety. So the general public only hears about the occasional explosive disaster associated with a pressure-vessel failure. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. Boston Stamping Company, under Seavey & Co. Hemingway Paint & Colour Manufacturers boiler explosion, British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), IMechE formed, emphasizing the importance of specialized mechanical knowledge, particularly with respect to steam power (i.e., see also. -Givaudan Corporation, Delawanna Avenue, Clifton, New Jersey: Portable Fire Tube Boiler Explosion (1990s). It results in boiler explosion along with leakage of gases throughout the process plant. Steam boilers, if left unchecked, are potential bomb that cause severe damage to the process plant and operating team. | Soomaali for two views of the exploded boiler, attributed to low water pressure and a defective safety valve. Instead, the tank will take the pressure. -SS Helen McGregor, Boiler Explosion, Memphis, TN, February 1830. The boiler barrel failures occurred at Cardiff in 1909 and Buxton in 1921; both were caused by misassembly of the safety valves causing the boilers to exceed their design pressures. The key to a high pressure boiler is the amount of . -Ford's River Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Michigan, Gas Boiler explosion, 6 killed 2/1/1999. Further improvements continued in the 20th century. Also a reminder of the expansive power of steam. The second-most common cause of boiler explosion is caused due to fuel/air explosion that takes place in the furnace. Boiler explosions are destructive failures of steam boilers. KMOV. ASME formed, largely in response to calls for improvements in boiler safety, Required notice of a boiler explosion to be sent to the Board of Trade within 24 hours of occurrence and established inquiry authorizations, The "Code for the Conduct of Trials of Steam Boilers", the first U.S. code for conducting boiler tests, is issued, Extended 1882 requirements to marine vessels, The ASME Boiler Code Committee issues "Standards for Specifications and Construction of Boilers and Other Containing Vessels in Which High Pressure is Contained". The usual cause of firebox collapses is that the boiler water level falls too low and the top of the firebox (crown sheet) becomes uncovered and overheats. The air (which contains oxygen) collects in a layer near the surface of the water and greatly accelerates corrosion of the boiler plates in that area. [13] One official Records report mentions the disaster reports 10 killed and 68 injured;[22] a later report mentions that 27 were killed and 78 wounded. The state and the steam boiler in Britain, Winship, I.R. Once the lower explosive limit (LEL) is reached, any source of ignition will cause an explosion of the vapors. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the inspection records of various sources in the U.S., UK, and Europe showed that the most frequent cause of boiler explosions was weakening of boilers through simple rusting, by anywhere from two to five times more than all other causes. T +9120 - 66308333/ 66308340, Mobile no : +91 97654 92017 Stress corrosion cracking at the lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions, probably caused by caustic embrittlement. (Includes Discussion)", "HomeT. While deterioration and mishandling are probably the most common causes of boiler explosions, the actual mechanism of a catastrophic boiler failure was not well documented until extensive experimentation was undertaken by U.S. boiler inspectors in the early 20th century. R. S. . One involves failure of the pressure vessel and the second results from improper fuel combustion. There are two types of boiler explosions. boiler explosions and resulting fatalities in the United States. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. A package boiler only needs the final connections to be made (electrical, breaching, condensate lines, etc.) Check the flame failure detection system. August 10, 2022. [notes 1] Such investigations helped him and others explain the importance of stress concentrations in weakening boilers. Steamboat and railway boiler explosions were not uncommon in the 19th and early 20th Centuries. I have no idea whether 4240's tender survived. ", For a short status of European steam users' associations and boiler insurance companies c. 1897, see, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:53. Charred remains after a boiler explosion at a factory in Bihar . Low water conditions or excessive scale can cause a boiler to over heat the steel. ; Series 1 Volume 49 (Part I)", "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. In Manchester, the "Association for the Prevention of Steam Boiler Explosions, and for effecting Economy in the Raising and Use of Steam" is formed and, eschewing direct regulation, advocates creation of trained inspectors. A boiler explosion, triggering a magazine detonation, was perhaps the most obvious possibility. A several-ounce "slug" of water passing through a steam line at high velocity and striking a 90-degree elbow can instantly fracture a fitting that is otherwise capable of handling several times the normal static pressure. Boiler barrels could explode if the internal pressure became too high. Inner corrosion of the boiler plates is another primary reason a boiler will explode or suffer a catastrophic failure. Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 10, Number 1456, 24 November 1855 p.2, col.5, Huddersfield Chronicle, 17 Dec 1873, p4, printed in Huddersfield, England, Lincolnshire Echo, 24 Aug 1907, p4, col3, printed in Lincoln, England, Directors minutes of North Lonsdale Ironworls Co, BDB47 box 16 at CRO, Barrow, Learn how and when to remove this template message, New York Telephone Company building explosion, The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, Gesellschaft zur berwachung und Versicherung von Dampfkesseln, "Explosion of a Steam Packet Boiler at Hull", "Abstract of the evidence at the inquest relating to the explosion of the boiler of the "Union" steam packet at Hull", "On the Explosion of One of the Boilers of the Union Steam Packet, at Hull. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or low water level. ASME formed, largely in response to calls for improvements in boiler safety, Required notice of a boiler explosion to be sent to the Board of Trade within 24 hours of occurrence and established inquiry authorizations, The "Code for the Conduct of Trials of Steam Boilers", the first U.S. code for conducting boiler tests, is issued, Extended 1882 requirements to marine vessels, The ASME Boiler Code Committee issues "Standards for Specifications and Construction of Boilers and Other Containing Vessels in Which High Pressure is Contained", The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, "Promote greater safety to life and property through uniformity in the construction, installation, repair, maintenance, and inspection of pressure equipment. People in the same building or on a nearby sidewalk or parking lot can be injured or killed. -Staten Island Ferry, Westfield II, FT boiler explosion: July 30, 1871. Boiler explosions are of a particular danger in (locomotive-type) fire tube boilers because the top of the firebox (crown sheet) must be covered with some amount of water at all times; or the heat of the fire can weaken the crown sheet or crown stays to the point of failure, even at normal working pressure. However in the 20th century such explosions have been few and far between on the steam side which is what I believe the OP means? S-11, T Block, M.I.D.C.,Bhosari, PUNE - 411 026. The abovementioned Select Committee reported the causes of boiler explosions in 1861-70 as follows: defects in construction 40%, defects of shell and fittings 29%, defects in rivets 15%, low water level 10%, scale formation and related red-hot 3%. In addition, they believed that much of the energy was in the steam. Summary:This article was originally published in theWinter 1996 National Board BULLETIN. The record of explosions presented to the Institution contains a list of the boiler explosions in each year of the present century, as far as known to the writer, with the names of the places, and the description and sizes of the boilers, and the supposed cause of explosion, together with references to the books or papers from which further Between 1880 and 1890 there were over 2000 boiler explosions in the United States. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of boiler explosions". | Hmoob Book: Hewison, Christian H. . Confederate Army Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union Army Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on April 9 at Appomattox, Va., ending the Civil War. The Greatest Maritime Disaster in U.S. History Date Published: Jan 18, 2011 Author: Debbie Sniderman Tags: About ASME Water Transportation The boiler explosion of the Mississippi River Steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865 caused one of the 100 deadliest fires ever and claimed more lives than the Titanic. 0112300. The crown sheet design included several alternating rows of button-head safety stays, which limited the failure of the crown sheet to the first five or six rows of conventional stays, preventing a collapse of the entire crown sheet. Introduced in 1863 by Ramsbottom, 26 were built in 18631865, 10 in 1870, 10 in 1872, and 10 in 1892. -St Mary's Hospital, Pennington Avenue, Passaic, New Jersey: Cleaver Brooks boiler Explosion 7/15/2006. The steam is under immense pressure that requires precise operating methods to prevent boiler explosion. If steam is released more quickly, the more vigorous boiling action that results can throw a fine spray of droplets up as "wet steam" which can cause damage to piping, engines, turbines and other equipment downstream. If some pressure is released, boiling begins again, and so on. Check the low fire start interlock. [15] It was eventually found that this internal corrosion could be reduced by using plates of sufficient size so that no joints were situated below the water level. They are trained to assume a mine-field-type situation exists if they hear a leak. 1. Your email address will not be published. One of them is the failure of pressure parts of the steam and waterside. New calculations show, for instance, that if liberated in a rupture, a 30-gallon hot-water tank at 90 psig (or 104.7 psia) has approximately 314,095 foot-pounds of energy to flash its water into steam at 332F. J. Salts Lumber Mill Boiler Explosion - "1 - Home Page", "This Southern Steamboat Had A Tragic Ending", La Horrorosa Catstrofe de Medina (The terrible disaster of Medina), Ministry of Culture of Spain historic newspaper server, "Accident at Buxton on 11th November 1921", "Railroad Recollections: More About Engine 1642 Explosion", "BOILERBLAST SUIT ASKS $8.2 MILLION; 10 Sue in '62 Phone Building Explosion Fatal to 23", "Steam Locomotive Firebox Explosion on the Gettysburg Railroad Near Gardners, Pennsylvania June 16, 1995", Boiler Explosion in Ohio, USA First Hand Observations from Andrew Semple, "Steam Engine Blast At Ohio Fairgrounds Leaves 4 Men Dead", "The Final Report on the Tragedy at the Medina County Fairgrounds - Steam Engines - Steam Traction", "4th victim who died from boiler blast near Soulard remembered as hard worker; funds set up for families", "2 new employees filling out paperwork among dead in St. Louis boiler explosion", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_boiler_explosions&oldid=1141042199, Midland Railway 363 (ex Bristol and Gloucester Railway 7. YouTube Encyclopedic 1/5 Views: 2 491 1 206 278 589 25 305 12 389 Tsunami2 Diesel Decoder Setup & Operation (Webinar 11) The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway(L&YR)class8 was a four-cylinder 4-6-0 express passenger locomotive designed by George Hughes introduced in 1908. Another US Civil War Steamboat explosion was the Steamer Eclipse on January 27, 1865, which was carrying members of the 9th Indiana Artillery. WHY BOILER EXPLOSIONS CAUSE INJURY AND DEATH Atmospheric Pressure of 15 PSI. On land-based boilers, explosions of the pressure systems happened regularly in stationary steam boilers in the Victorian era, but are now very rare because of the various protections provided, and because of regular inspections compelled by governmental and industry requirements. -Dana Corporation, Paris Tennessee, 400 Hp fire-tube boiler explosion 6/19/2007. A common cause of explosion is the runaway firing condition that takes place when the boiler's burner does not shut off. It is because hot-water heaters are usually so reliable that many consider them benign. [18], The intricate shape of a locomotive firebox, whether made of soft copper or of steel, can only resist the steam pressure on its internal walls if these are supported by stays attached to internal girders and the outer walls. AWS Boiler Explosion WATCH THE BOOM Australian Welding Solutions 185 subscribers 518 377K views 6 years ago Accidents happen because people make the wrong decisions. The decline in locomotive boiler explosions in Britain 1850 1900, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 05:50. Maharashtra, India. The other common cause of explosions was internal corrosion which weakened the boiler barrel so that it could not withstand normal operating pressure. During normal operation, the liquid water remains in the bottom of the boiler due to gravity, steam bubbles rise through the liquid water and collect at the top for use until saturation pressure is reached, then the boiling stops. ", For a short status of European steam users' associations and boiler insurance companies c. 1897, see. The Pennsylvania was a side wheeler steamboat which suffered a boiler explosion in the Mississippi River and sank at Ship Island near Memphis, Tennessee, on June 13, 1858. Boiler explosions generally fell into two categories. In a fraction of a second, as hot water flashes to steam, everything turns to darkness and destruction. It results in damaging the metal of the boiler and eventually boiler explosion if left overlooked. Employee Sustains Burns During Boiler Maintenance. This reduction of pressure caused the sudden formation of a great quantity of steam within the water, and the heavy mass of water being thrown with great violence toward the opening whence the steam was being withdrawn, struck the portions of the boiler near that opening and caused the fracture."[5]. In the case of a firebox explosion, these typically occur after a burner flameout. The L&YR Class 21 is a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotive built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway for shunting duties. However, in the SL1 example the pressure was released by the forced ejection of control rods which allowed the steam to be vented. Most likely, in all cases, the explosions are due to the sudden generation of a large quantity of steam and not to an excessive pressure produced gradually.When an explosion occurs, the enormous force of the . A fast-moving mass of water carries a great deal of kinetic energy (from the expanding steam), and in collision with the shell of the boiler results in a violent destructive effect. The explosion of the steamboat Sultana's boiler in 1865 was the cause of the largest loss of life in US maritime history. There are many causes for boiler explosions such as poor water treatment causing scaling and over heating of the plates, low water level, a stuck safety valve, or even a furnace explosion that in turn, if severe enough, can cause a boiler explosion. It is highly successful and later becomes the modern TV. It is also sometimes termed a firebox explosion. There are two types of boiler explosions. (Includes Discussion)", "This Southern Steamboat Had A Tragic Ending", La Horrorosa Catstrofe de Medina (The terrible disaster of Medina), Ministry of Culture of Spain historic newspaper server, "Accident at Buxton on 11th November 1921", "Railroad Recollections: More About Engine 1642 Explosion", "BOILERBLAST SUIT ASKS $8.2 MILLION; 10 Sue in '62 Phone Building Explosion Fatal to 23", "Steam Locomotive Firebox Explosion on the Gettysburg Railroad Near Gardners, Pennsylvania June 16, 1995", Boiler Explosion in Ohio, USA First Hand Observations from Andrew Semple, "Steam Engine Blast At Ohio Fairgrounds Leaves 4 Men Dead", "The Final Report on the Tragedy at the Medina County Fairgrounds - Steam Engines - Steam Traction", "4th victim who died from boiler blast near Soulard remembered as hard worker; funds set up for families", "2 new employees filling out paperwork among dead in St. Louis boiler explosion", Midland Railway 363 (ex Bristol and Gloucester Railway 7. The plates of early locomotive boilers were joined by simple overlapping joints. One of them is the failure of pressure parts of the steam and waterside. ACLfan Username ACLfan Locomotive Boiler Explosion . List of locomotive boiler explosions In 1828, the boiler of Locomotive No.1 exploded, killing the driver. Many shell-type boilers carry a large bath of liquid water which is heated to a higher temperature and pressure (enthalpy) than boiling water would be at atmospheric pressure. When this amount of explosive force is unleashed in a basement or utility closet, the shock wave created by the explosion carries dirt, debris, ceiling, pipe, darkness, and burning temperatures in all directions with tremendous force. Several accounts of the SL-1 experimental reactor accident vividly describe the incredibly powerful effect of water hammer on a pressure vessel: "The expansion caused by this heating process caused water hammer as water was accelerated upwards toward the reactor vessel head, producing approximately 10,000 pounds per square inch (69,000 kPa) of pressure on the head of the reactor vessel when water struck the head at 160 feet per second (50m/s) This extreme form of water hammer propelled control rods, shield plugs, and the entire reactor vessel upward. However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. A total of seventy-of the class were built for the NER. It was the train crew that was almost always killed. Whole houses can be leveled. Ignition failure, improper gas lines, or loose valves leads to combustion gas buildup in the high-temperature vessel.

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